Selasa, 12 Maret 2013

How to start a new business in particular store


How to start a new business in particular store


                Certainly in the beginning with the capital, we have to see how our ability to start a new business, whether small businesses or large businesses.
Place of business, strategic required, in accordance with what we are going to trade in the future, in order to precisely target.
                Once everything is fulfilled, then buy our merchandise from the sales-sales or direct from the manufacturer, it can get a cheaper price compared to buying in other places that are more expensive, so we can get a satisfactory profit.
                Do not forget to purchase equipment used in running the business that we kerjakan.misalnya motorcycles, cars, carts, dll.setelah all met we can start running the business / business.
                How to serve customers
: - Should be a soft,
: - Good manners,
: - Smiling,
: - Do not hurt the feelings of customers with unnecessary conversation,
: - Outstanding service, etc..
                Way over almost approached sempurnauntuk start running a business / business, but do not forget to pray to the almighty to carry out all our activities, because without prayer everything will be less felt.

* If there are criticisms and suggestions please in the post, thanks ^ _ ^


andy

Complete Success Tips and How to Sell Online!


Complete Success Tips and How to Sell Online!


This model of selling through the online system so in the interest of today. Because of its low cost to sell online, as well as her great range in the market that can be achieved make online selling method into a powerful alternative to market products seller. Many online sellers who are successful, but not infrequently also fail. Tips for Success in Selling Online article will explain how to sell online
1. Make Stalls Selling in forum

Make stalls selling on the forum is the best means to bring instant costumer. One of the biggest forums in Indonesia is kaskus.com then seconds forums and other forums it. Do not forget to make the stalls selling places like tokobagus or multiply.com.
The more stalls selling you more likely to find your customer. Do not forget to periodically update your stall

2. Create a website / blog you Selling

Create a website or blog to sell it less able to raise customer instantly. However, selling a website or blog can be used in a long time. Since the sale of your website or blog can be easily indexed by google. And you are free to shoot the keywords you want.
Disadvantages of this method you must be willing to learn about SEO and SERP are very complicated

3. Collect Testimonials

Testimonials from buyers get very, very hard on. Rarely buyer who was willing to write a testimonial. Therefore, make sure you always optimal to provide services or information about your products to prospective buyers you, so that next time a buyer would be willing to write a testimonial for you

4. Place an Ad

Advertise website - a website with lots of visitors who will make your sales seen by many people. So that prospective buyers will buy your products is increasing.
Disadvantages of this method is its expensive cost for ad spots on its website that more visitors

5. Take advantage of Social Media

Utilizing social media is the cheapest and most popular method. Social media such as facebook and twitter to be a very convenient means to spread your wares.

Sources: http://catatan-random-gw.blogspot.com/2012/12/Tips-Berjualan-Online.html

Kamis, 07 Maret 2013

PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL

International trade

International trade is a trade carried on by a resident of a country with the population of other countries on the basis of mutual agreement.
Residents can be referred antarperorangan (individual to individual), between the individual and the government of a country or a government with other governments. In many countries, international trade became one of the main factors to improve the GDP. Although international trade has been going on for thousands of years (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its impact on the interests of economic, social, political and newly perceived several decades. International trade also helped propel industrialization, transportation advances, globalization, and the presence of multinational companies.
Theory of International Trade
According to Amir MS, when compared to the implementation in domestic trade, international trade is very complicated and complex. The complexity is partly due to the political boundaries and the state which can inhibit trade, such as the duties, tariffs or quotas imported goods.
In addition, other difficulties arise due to differences in cultures, languages, currencies, estimates and scales, and the law in the trade.

Model Adam Smith

Adam Smith's model focuses on the absolute advantage states that a country will gain an absolute advantage because the country is able to produce goods at a lower cost than other countries. According to this theory if the price of the goods with the same type do not have differences in many countries there is no reason to do international trade.

Ricardian Model

Ricardian model focuses on comparative advantage and perhaps the most important concept in international trade theory. In a Ricardian models, countries specialize in producing what they are best production. Unlike other models, this model predicts the framework in which countries will be fully specialists than producing various commodities. Also, the model does not directly incorporate Ricardian supporting factors, such as the relative amounts of labor and capital in the country.

Heckscher-Ohlin model

Heckscgher-Ohlin model created as an alternative to the Ricardian model of comparative advantage and the foundation. Putting aside the complexity that is much more complicated model does not prove more accurate predictions. However, from a theoretical point of view the model does not provide an elegant solution using neoclassical price mechanism into international trade theory.
Theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factors. It predicts that countries will export goods that make intensive use of factors fulfillment needs and will import goods that will be used locally scarce factors intensively. Ho empirical problems with this model, known as Pradoks Leotief, which opened in empirical tests by Wassily Leontief who found that the United States are more likely to export labor-intensive goods than has sufficient capital and so on.

Specific Factors

In this model, labor mobility between industry and the other one is probably when capital is immobile between industries in the short term. Specific factors refer to the specific provision that the short-term factors of production, such as physical capital, not easily transferred between industries. Theory mensugestikan if there is an increase in the price of an item, the owner of the production factors specific to the item will be for the actual term. Additionally, owners of opposing specific factors of production (such as labor and capital) are likely to have contradictory agendas when lobbying for controls over immigration of labor. Opposite relationship, both owners and workers benefit for investors in fact form an increase in capital compliance. This model is ideal for particular industries. This model is suitable for understanding income distribution but not to determine the pattern of trade.

Gravity Model

Gravity model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns rather than the more theoretical models above. Gravity model, in its basic form, guess the trade based on the distance between countries and the interaction between countries in the size of its economy. This model mimics Newton's law of gravity which also takes into account the physical size and distance between the two objects. This model has proven to be robust empirically by econometric analysis. Other factors such as income level, diplomatic relations and trade policies are also included in a larger version of this model.

The benefits of international trade

According Sadono Sukirno, the benefits of international trade are as follows.
• Establish Friendship between Nations
• Getting the goods can not be produced in their own country
Many factors affect the yield differences in each country. These factors include: condition of geography, climate, the level of mastery of science and technology and others. With the international trade, each country is able to meet the needs that are not domestically produced.
• Gain the benefits of specialization
The main reason is the foreign trade activities for the benefit realized by specialization. Although a country can produce a product of the same kind as those produced by other countries, but they can sometimes be better if the country is importing goods from abroad.
• Expand markets and increase profits
Sometimes, employers do not run the machines (means of production) to the maximum because they fear an excess of production, resulting in falling prices of their products. With the international trade, employers can run the engines to the maximum, and sell the excess product out of the country.
• Transfer of modern technology
Foreign trade allows a country to learn more efficient production techniques and management methods are more modern.
Factors driving
Many of the factors that drive a country's international trade, including the following:
• Natural Factors / Potential Natural
• To meet the needs of domestic goods and services
• The desire to benefit and increase state revenues
• The difference in the ability of science and technology in the process of economic resources
• The excess of domestic products that need new markets to sell products.
• The difference in circumstances such as natural resources, climate, labor, culture, and the number of people that cause the difference in yield and production limitations.
• The existence of a good taste in common.
• The desire to open cooperation, political relations and support from other countries.
• The occurrence of an era of globalization so that no one country in the world can live alone.
International trade is not only beneficial in the economic sector. Manfaatnyadi other areas in the age of globalization is also increasingly felt. Fields that include political, social, and defense and security. In the field of economics, international trade for all countries memenuhikebutuhan people. The state can be likened to humans, no human being bisahidup own, without the help of others. So is the state, no state yangbisa survive without cooperation with other countries. Countries that used to shut down the international dariperdagangan, now has opened its markets. For example, Russia, China, danVietnam. International trade also has a social function. For example, when prices are very high bahanpangan world. Rice producing countries are trying to dapatmengekspornya. In addition to profit, export here also serves secarasosial. If the world food crisis occurs, it could result in an economic crisis. Akibatberantainya to hit to all countries. In the era of globalization, many emerging multinational companies. Sepertiini company owned by several people from several countries. For example, stock telkomseldimiliki by some people from Indonesia and Singapore. Sepertiini multi-national companies can strengthen social ties between nations. Inside many of berbagainegara work together. Then there was a friendship between them. International trade is also useful in politics. Trade between negarabisa strengthen political relations between countries. Instead, political relations also bisamempererat trade relations. International trade also serves to defense and security. For example, suatunegara nonnuklir want to develop nuclear weapons. The country can be suppressed dengandikenai economic sanctions. This means that other countries are not allowed to engage dagangdengan country. Usually such efforts must be authorized by the UN. It inidilakukan for the creation of security. International trade is also associated with the defense of a country. Each negaratentu need weapons to defend its territory. In fact, not all negaramampu produce weapons. It is necessary to import weapons. To prevent trafficking in dangerous goods, required international cooperation. Dangerous goods such as illicit arms, drugs obatanterlarang, endangered animals, animals that carry diseases, and so on. For kepentinganinilah governments all countries have customs. Pemerintahsuatu state agency was formed to inspect the goods and luggage when entering a negara.Pemeriksaan is needed to see if the tax had been paid. Examination jugauntuk check the goods for contraband or prohibited items or do not. Methods used in the examination among others by looking at the document items, using a detector of dangerous goods, or use sniffer dogs.

Rule / Regulation of International Trade

Trade generally regulated through bilateral agreements between the two countries. For centuries under the belief in mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on international trade. in the 19th century, especially in Britain, there is a belief in free trade became paramount and this view antaranegara dominated western thinking for some time since it was where it took them to Britain a major setback. In the years since the Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties like GATT WTO dab gives lobal attempt to regulate international trade. The trade agreements are sometimes led to protests and dissatisfaction with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually beneficial.
Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the strong state of economy, even though they sometimes do selective protection for industries of strategic importance such as tariff protection for agriculture by the United States and Europe. Netherlands and the United Kingdom are both fully support free trade where they are economically dominant, today the United States, Britain, Australia and Japan are the biggest supporters. However, many other countries (such as India, Russia, and China) as a supporter of free trade has become economically strong. Since the tariff rate down there is also a willingness to negotiate non tariff businesses, including foreign direct investment, procurement, and trade facilitation. Another form of trade transaction costs associated circuitry meetings and customs procedures.
Generally, agricultural interests are usually in the corridors of free trade and manufacturing sectors often support protectionism. This has changed in recent years, however. In fact, the agricultural lobby, especially in the United States, Europe and Japan, are primarily responsible for particular rules in the major international treaties that allow more protection in agriculture than most other goods and services.
During recess there is often domestic pressure to increase tariffs in order to protect a domestic industry. It happens all over the world during the Great Depression made the collapse of world trade is believed to deepen the depression.
Regulation of international trade settled through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several regional agreements such as Mercosur in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and 27 countries of the European Union anatara independent. Buenos Aires meeting in 2005 to talk about creation of the Free Trade Area of ​​America (FTAA) failed miserably due to the refusal of the population of Latin American countries. Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) also failed in recent years




SOURCE: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdagangan_internasional # Teori_Perdagangan_Internasional

Rabu, 06 Maret 2013

MARKET / PASAR ( TRADISIONAL )


Market 
 

Atmosphere of a traditional market in the city of Bogor, West Java
The market is one of a variety of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures whereby businesses sell goods, services and labor to people in exchange for money. Goods and services sold using legal tender such as fiat money. This event is part of the economy. It is an arrangement that allows buyers and sellers to exchange items. Competition is very important in the market, and separate from the trading market. Two people may trade, but it takes at least three persons to have a market, so there is competition on at least one of the two parties. Markets vary in size, range, geographic scale, location and type of human communities, as well as the types of goods and services traded. Some examples include local farmers market held in the town square or a car park, shopping centers and shopping malls, international currency and commodity markets, such as the law creating markets for pollution permits, and illegal markets such as the market for illicit drugs.
In mainstream economics, the concept of the market is any structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services and information. Exchange of goods or services for money is a transaction. Market participants consist of all the buyers and sellers are both affecting its price. This influence is a major study of economics and has given rise to several theories and models concerning the basic market forces of supply and demand. There are two roles in markets, buyers and sellers. The market facilitates trade and enables the distribution and allocation of resources in society. Markets allow all items to be evaluated and traded price. An emerging market is more or less spontaneous or deliberately constructed by human interaction to enable the exchange of rights (ownership) of services and goods.
Historically, markets originated in physical market will often develop into - or from - small communities, towns and cities.








Market Classification
Traditional markets
 


Markets in Banten in about 1870
The traditional market is a meeting place for sellers and buyers and sellers transactions characterized by a direct buyer and usually there is a process of bargaining, the building usually consists of kiosks or outlets, and a heavy foundation los open which was opened by the seller as well as a market manager. Most sell daily necessities such as food ingredients such as fish, fruits, vegetables, eggs, meat, cloth, clothing electronics goods, services and others. In addition, there is also a selling pastries and other items. Markets such as these are commonly found in Indonesia, and are generally located near residential areas in order to facilitate buyers to reach the market. Some traditional markets "legendary" among others Beringharjo in Yogyakarta, Solo Klewer market, Johar market in Semarang. The traditional market in Indonesia continues to try to survive the attack of the modern market.
The modern market
The modern market is not much different than traditional markets, but this kind of market sellers and buyers are not directly bertransakasi but buyers see the price tag listed in item (barcode), are in the building and the services performed independently (self-service) or served by the clerk. The goods are sold, in addition to food groceries such as fruit, vegetables, meat, most of the other items being sold are goods that can last a long time. An example of the modern market is hypermart, supermarkets (supermarkets), and minimarket.
The market can be categorized in several ways. That is according to the type, the type of goods sold, the market place, the day, and a wide range of forms.
According to Broad Range of Markets
Regional Markets
Regional Market to buy and sell products in a product area was generated. It could also be said to serve the local market demand and supply in the region.
Local Market
The local market is a market that buys and sells products in one city where the product was produced. It could also be said to serve the local market demand and supply in the city.
National Market
National market is the market that buys and sells products in a country where the product was produced. It could also be said to serve the national market demand and sales of the country.
International Markets
The international market is a market that buys and sells products from several countries. It could also be said to be far-reaching throughout the world.
According to Market Form
Market Discipline
Concrete market is a market that location can be seen with the naked eye. For example, there are stalls, shops and others. In the concrete market, the products are sold and purchased can also be seen with the naked eye. Consumers and manufacturers can also be easily distinguished. examples are: commodity exchange, stock market, and so on.
Market Abstract
Abstract: The market is the market location can not be seen with the naked mata.konsumen and producers do not meet directly. Usually it can be through the internet, telephone reservations and others. Goods are traded can not be seen with the naked eye, but in general through brochures, and other recommendations. We also can not see consumers and producers together, or can be said to be difficult to distinguish producers and consumers alike.
Goods are bought and sold according to market
Consumer Goods Market
Consumer goods market is a market that sells items that can be directly used for household needs. For example, the market traded in rice, fish, vegetables, fruits, household appliances, clothing, and so forth.
Market Goods Production
The market is the market production of goods traded in the factors of production. In this market traded production resources. For example, the machinery market, labor market, and financial markets.
According to Operation Market Time
Daily Market
Daily market is a market that purchasing and selling activities performed each day. Daily Market is commonly found in cities.
Weekly Market
The weekly market is a market that purchasing and selling activities only once a week. There are weekly markets in rural areas.
Monthly Market
Monthly market is a market that purchasing and selling activities performed once a month.
Annual Market
The annual market is a market that purchasing and selling activities performed once a year.
Temporary Market
Temporary market is held market organization / agency on a specific event, or just holding at any time (not fixed)
According to market organization
Perfect Competition
In a perfectly competitive market there are a lot of sellers or buyers who are both already know the state of the market. Goods in perfect competition diprjualbelikan homogeneous (similar). In addition, neither the seller nor the buyer is not free to determine the price, because the price is determined by market forces.
Imperfect Competition Market
Imperfect competition in the market, the sellers and buyers have the freedom to determine the price and quantity of goods to be traded. In this case means buyers and sellers can influence prices. The type and quality of goods traded on the market is heterogeneous. Imperfectly competitive market can be divided into three, as follows.
1. Market monopoly and monopsony
The market is a monopoly market there is only one vendor for a certain type. Market monopsony is a market dominated by a buyer to a particular type of goods and services, as well as worldwide nature.
2. Monopolistic competition
In this market there are many sellers and buyers. Sellers can be a monopoly because each product privilege. Buyers are free to choose in shopping. So, the market is no element of competition and monopoly.
3. Market oligoponi and oligopsoni
Oligopoly market is a market that only a few sellers. The term some sellers iniumlah seller is not so much that the effect is very small sellers, and no sellers ruling everything. The Oligopsoni is a type of market there are few buyers.




Sources: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasar # Pasar_tradisional