International
trade
International
trade is a trade carried on by a resident of a country with the population
of other countries on the basis of mutual agreement. Residents
can be referred antarperorangan (individual to individual), between the
individual and the government of a country or a government with other
governments. In
many countries, international trade became one of the main factors to improve
the GDP. Although
international trade has been going on for thousands of years (see Silk Road,
Amber Road), its impact on the interests of economic, social, political and
newly perceived several decades. International
trade also helped propel industrialization, transportation advances,
globalization, and the presence of multinational companies.
Theory
of International Trade
According
to Amir MS, when compared to the implementation in domestic trade, international
trade is very complicated and complex. The
complexity is partly due to the political boundaries and the state which can
inhibit trade, such as the duties, tariffs or quotas imported goods.
In
addition, other difficulties arise due to differences in cultures, languages,
currencies, estimates and scales, and the law in the trade.
Model Adam Smith
Adam
Smith's model focuses on the absolute advantage states that a country will gain
an absolute advantage because the country is able to produce goods at a lower
cost than other countries. According
to this theory if the price of the goods with the same type do not have
differences in many countries there is no reason to do international trade.
Ricardian Model
Ricardian
model focuses on comparative advantage and perhaps the most important concept
in international trade theory. In
a Ricardian models, countries specialize in producing what they are best
production. Unlike
other models, this model predicts the framework in which countries will be
fully specialists than producing various commodities. Also,
the model does not directly incorporate Ricardian supporting factors, such as
the relative amounts of labor and capital in the country.
Heckscher-Ohlin model
Heckscgher-Ohlin
model created as an alternative to the Ricardian model of comparative advantage
and the foundation. Putting
aside the complexity that is much more complicated model does not prove more
accurate predictions. However,
from a theoretical point of view the model does not provide an elegant solution
using neoclassical price mechanism into international trade theory.
Theory
argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in
factors. It
predicts that countries will export goods that make intensive use of factors
fulfillment needs and will import goods that will be used locally scarce
factors intensively. Ho
empirical problems with this model, known as Pradoks Leotief, which opened in
empirical tests by Wassily Leontief who found that the United States are more
likely to export labor-intensive goods than has sufficient capital and so on.
Specific Factors
In
this model, labor mobility between industry and the other one is probably when
capital is immobile between industries in the short term. Specific
factors refer to the specific provision that the short-term factors of
production, such as physical capital, not easily transferred between
industries. Theory
mensugestikan if there is an increase in the price of an item, the owner of the
production factors specific to the item will be for the actual term. Additionally,
owners of opposing specific factors of production (such as labor and capital)
are likely to have contradictory agendas when lobbying for controls over
immigration of labor. Opposite
relationship, both owners and workers benefit for investors in fact form an
increase in capital compliance. This model is ideal for
particular industries. This
model is suitable for understanding income distribution but not to determine
the pattern of trade.
Gravity Model
Gravity
model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns rather
than the more theoretical models above. Gravity
model, in its basic form, guess the trade based on the distance between
countries and the interaction between countries in the size of its economy. This
model mimics Newton's law of gravity which also takes into account the physical
size and distance between the two objects. This
model has proven to be robust empirically by econometric analysis. Other
factors such as income level, diplomatic relations and trade policies are also
included in a larger version of this model.
The benefits of international trade
According
Sadono Sukirno, the benefits of international trade are as follows.
•
Establish Friendship between Nations
•
Getting the goods can not be produced in their own country
Many
factors affect the yield differences in each country. These
factors include: condition of geography, climate, the level of mastery of
science and technology and others. With
the international trade, each country is able to meet the needs that are not
domestically produced.
• Gain the benefits of
specialization
The
main reason is the foreign trade activities for the benefit realized by
specialization. Although
a country can produce a product of the same kind as those produced by other
countries, but they can sometimes be better if the country is importing goods
from abroad.
• Expand markets and
increase profits
Sometimes,
employers do not run the machines (means of production) to the maximum because
they fear an excess of production, resulting in falling prices of their
products. With
the international trade, employers can run the engines to the maximum, and sell
the excess product out of the country.
•
Transfer of modern technology
Foreign
trade allows a country to learn more efficient production techniques and
management methods are more modern.
Factors driving
Many
of the factors that drive a country's international trade, including the
following:
• Natural
Factors / Potential Natural
• To meet the
needs of domestic goods and services
•
The desire to benefit and increase state revenues
•
The difference in the ability of science and technology in the process of
economic resources
•
The excess of domestic products that need new markets to sell products.
•
The difference in circumstances such as natural resources, climate, labor,
culture, and the number of people that cause the difference in yield and
production limitations.
• The existence of a
good taste in common.
•
The desire to open cooperation, political relations and support from other
countries.
•
The occurrence of an era of globalization so that no one country in the world
can live alone.
International
trade is not only beneficial in the economic sector. Manfaatnyadi
other areas in the age of globalization is also increasingly felt. Fields
that include political, social, and defense and security. In
the field of economics, international trade for all countries memenuhikebutuhan
people. The
state can be likened to humans, no human being bisahidup own, without the help
of others. So
is the state, no state yangbisa survive without cooperation with other
countries. Countries
that used to shut down the international dariperdagangan, now has opened its
markets. For example,
Russia, China, danVietnam. International trade
also has a social function. For example,
when prices are very high bahanpangan world. Rice
producing countries are trying to dapatmengekspornya. In
addition to profit, export here also serves secarasosial. If
the world food crisis occurs, it could result in an economic crisis. Akibatberantainya to
hit to all countries. In
the era of globalization, many emerging multinational companies. Sepertiini
company owned by several people from several countries. For
example, stock telkomseldimiliki by some people from Indonesia and Singapore. Sepertiini
multi-national companies can strengthen social ties between nations. Inside
many of berbagainegara work together. Then there was a
friendship between them. International
trade is also useful in politics. Trade
between negarabisa strengthen political relations between countries. Instead,
political relations also bisamempererat trade relations. International
trade also serves to defense and security. For
example, suatunegara nonnuklir want to develop nuclear weapons. The country can
be suppressed dengandikenai economic sanctions. This
means that other countries are not allowed to engage dagangdengan country. Usually such
efforts must be authorized by the UN. It inidilakukan for
the creation of security. International
trade is also associated with the defense of a country. Each
negaratentu need weapons to defend its territory. In fact, not all
negaramampu produce weapons. It
is necessary to import weapons. To
prevent trafficking in dangerous goods, required international cooperation. Dangerous
goods such as illicit arms, drugs obatanterlarang, endangered animals, animals
that carry diseases, and so on. For
kepentinganinilah governments all countries have customs. Pemerintahsuatu
state agency was formed to inspect the goods and luggage when entering a
negara.Pemeriksaan is needed to see if the tax had been paid. Examination
jugauntuk check the goods for contraband or prohibited items or do not. Methods
used in the examination among others by looking at the document items, using a
detector of dangerous goods, or use sniffer dogs.
Rule / Regulation of
International Trade
Trade
generally regulated through bilateral agreements between the two countries. For
centuries under the belief in mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and
many restrictions on international trade. in
the 19th century, especially in Britain, there is a belief in free trade became
paramount and this view antaranegara dominated western thinking for some time
since it was where it took them to Britain a major setback. In
the years since the Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties like
GATT WTO dab gives lobal attempt to regulate international trade. The
trade agreements are sometimes led to protests and dissatisfaction with claims
of unfair trade that is not mutually beneficial.
Free
trade is usually most strongly supported by the strong state of economy, even
though they sometimes do selective protection for industries of strategic
importance such as tariff protection for agriculture by the United States and
Europe. Netherlands
and the United Kingdom are both fully support free trade where they are
economically dominant, today the United States, Britain, Australia and Japan
are the biggest supporters. However,
many other countries (such as India, Russia, and China) as a supporter of free
trade has become economically strong. Since
the tariff rate down there is also a willingness to negotiate non tariff
businesses, including foreign direct investment, procurement, and trade
facilitation. Another
form of trade transaction costs associated circuitry meetings and customs
procedures.
Generally,
agricultural interests are usually in the corridors of free trade and
manufacturing sectors often support protectionism. This has
changed in recent years, however. In
fact, the agricultural lobby, especially in the United States, Europe and
Japan, are primarily responsible for particular rules in the major
international treaties that allow more protection in agriculture than most
other goods and services.
During
recess there is often domestic pressure to increase tariffs in order to protect
a domestic industry. It
happens all over the world during the Great Depression made the collapse of
world trade is believed to deepen the depression.
Regulation
of international trade settled through the World Trade Organization at the
global level, and through several regional agreements such as Mercosur in South
America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and 27 countries
of the European Union anatara independent. Buenos
Aires meeting in 2005 to talk about creation of the Free Trade Area of America (FTAA) failed
miserably due to the refusal of the population of Latin American countries. Similar
agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) also failed
in recent years
SOURCE:
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdagangan_internasional #
Teori_Perdagangan_Internasional
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